Analysis of Forest Cover in the Tumba-Lediima Nature Reserve (RTL-DRC)

Sylvestre Frey; André Musas A Musas; Nestor Anzola Kibamba; Sebastien Kidushi Mboma; Tege Simboni Simboni; Djonive Munene Asidi

doi:10.52562/injoes.2025.1307

Authors

Sylvestre Frey Department of Mathematics, Statics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
André Musas A Musas Department of Mathematics, Statics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
Nestor Anzola Kibamba Department of Mathematics, Statics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
Sebastien Kidushi Mboma Department Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
Tege Simboni Simboni Department of Mathematics, Statics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kinshasa, D.R. Congo | Department of Management Information Systems Higher Pedagogical Institute of Isiro, D.R. Congo
Djonive Munene Asidi Department of Exploration and Production, Faculty of Oil, Gas and Renewable Energies, University of Kinshasa, D.R. Congo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52562/injoes.2025.1307

Keywords:

Deforestation, Anthropogenic impact, Tropical Forest, Protected area

Abstract

This study analyzes the evolution of forest cover in the Tumba-Lediima Nature Reserve between 2010 and 2022, a period marked by increasing anthropogenic pressures. The main drivers of deforestation identified are agricultural expansion, illegal exploitation of forest resources and urbanization. These activities have led to the fragmentation of critical habitats, putting endemic and threatened species at risk, while also compromising the ecological integrity of the reserve. Furthermore, local communities face diminished livelihoods due to reduced access to natural resources. These dynamics lead to a critical loss of biodiversity, affecting critical habitats and compromising the livelihoods of local communities. Using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite imagery, combined with NDVI calculation and supervised classifications validated by a high Kappa coefficient, this study provides an accurate mapping of land cover change. The results reveal an alarming reduction in primary forest cover, accompanied by an increase in secondary forests and fallow land, suggesting limited potential for regeneration. This pattern underscores the urgent need to address the drivers of deforestation through targeted actions. These trends call for urgent conservation measures, including the targeted regeneration of degraded areas, the strengthening of environmental laws and the integration of local communities in the sustainable management of resources. By proposing concrete strategies in the short, medium and long term, this study offers essential perspectives for preserving the biodiversity and ecological resilience of the reserve. By proposing actionable strategies in the short, medium, and long term, this study provides a roadmap for preserving not only the biodiversity and ecological resilience of the reserve but also offers scalable solutions for similar tropical forest regions facing comparable challenges.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Achille, L. S., Zhang, K., & Anoma, C. J. K. (2021). Dynamics of Deforestation and Degradation of Forests in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1990 to 2018. Open Journal of Ecology, 11(5), 451-461. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2021.115029

Ahrends, A., Burgess, N. D., Milledge, S. A., Bulling, M. T., Fisher, B., Smart, J. C., ... & Lewis, S. L. (2010). Predictable waves of sequential forest degradation and biodiversity loss spreading from an African city. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(33), 14556-14561. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914471107

Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Melo, F. P., Martínez?Ramos, M., Bongers, F., Chazdon, R. L., Meave, J. A., Norden, N., Santos, B. A., Leal, I. R., & Tabarelli, M. (2017). Multiple successional pathways in human?modified tropical landscapes: New insights from forest succession, forest fragmentation and landscape ecology research. Biological Reviews, 92(1), 326-340. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12231

Avotins, A., Kviesis, K., Bicans, J., Alsina, I., & Dubova, L. (2020). Experimental analysis of IoT-based camera SI-NDVI values for tomato plant health monitoring application. International Journal of Advanced Research, 18(2), 1138-1146. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.20.087

Catalan, J., Gath, D. H., Anastasiades, P., Bond, S. A. K., Day, A., & Hall, L. (1991). Evaluation of a brief psychological treatment for emotional disorders in primary care. Psychological medicine, 21(4), 1013-1018. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700030002

Chander, G., Markham, B. L., & Helder, D. L. (2009). Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI sensors. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113(5), 893-903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.007

Chatelain, F., Kohl, C., Esser, V., Mcgarry, J. D., Girard, J., & Pegorier, J. P. (1996). Cyclic AMP and fatty acids increase carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene transcription in cultured fetal rat hepatocytes. European Journal of Biochemistry, 235(3), 789-798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00789.x

Chazdon, R. L., Peres, C. A., Dent, D., Sheil, D., Lugo, A. E., Lamb, D., Stork, N. E., & Miller, S. E. (2009). The potential for species conservation in tropical secondary forests. Conservation biology, 23(6), 1406-1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01338.x

Chen, N., Tsendbazar, N. E., Hamunyela, E., Verbesselt, J., & Herold, M. (2021). Sub-annual tropical forest disturbance monitoring using harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 102, 102386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102386

Fesenfeld, L., Mann, S., Meier, M., Nemecek, T., Scharrer, B., Bornemann, B., ... & Boivin, P. (2023). L'avenir de l'alimentation en Suisse: guide des principaux leviers et axes politiques pour établir un système alimentaire durable. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7585685

Frayssinhes, J. (2023). Les polycrises dues au réchauffement climatique: essai d'opérationnalisation d'une réponse transdisciplinaire efficace Polycrises caused by global warming: an attempt to operationalise an effective transdisciplinary response. Rencontres transdisciplinaires-Bulletin interactif du Centre International de Recherches et Études Transdisciplinaires (CIRET), (26). https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10402734

Fonge, B. A., Tabot, P. T., Bakia, M. A., & Awah, C. C. (2019). Patterns of land-use change and current vegetation status in peri-urban forest reserves: the case of the Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 3(2), 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1508981

Fossati, A. (2024). Archéologie et nouvelles technologies appliquées à l’étude des dynamiques contemporaines de destruction du patrimoine culturel: le cas du pillage en Méso-Amérique. IdeAs. Idées d'Amériques, (24). https://doi.org/10.4000/12hsf

Girard, C. L., & Matte, J. J. (1999). Changes in serum concentrations of folates, pyridoxal, pyridoxal-5-phosphate and vitamin B12 during lactation of dairy cows fed dietary supplements of folic acid. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 79(1), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.4141/A98-016

Hisano, M., Searle, E. B., & Chen, H. Y. (2018). Biodiversity as a solution to mitigate climate change impacts on the functioning of forest ecosystems. Biological Reviews, 93(1), 439-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12351

Hourticq, J., & Carole Megevand, C. (2013). Dynamiques de déforestation dans le bassin du Congo Réconcilier la croissance économique et la protection de la forêt. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9742-8

Lardeux, C., Kemavo, A., Rageade, M., Rahm, M., Frison, P. L., & Rudant, J. P. (2019). Mise en œuvre d'outils open source pour le suivi opérationnel de l'occupation des sols et de la déforestation à partir des données Sentinel radar et optique: études de cas en Guyane et au Togo. Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, (219-220), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2019.467

Laurance, W. F., Sayer, J., & Cassman, K. G. (2014). Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends in ecology & evolution, 29(2), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.001

Liu, X., Yu, L., Li, W., Peng, D., Zhong, L., Li, L., ... & Gong, P. (2018). Comparison of country-level cropland areas between ESA-CCI land cover maps and FAOSTAT data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 39(20), 6631-6645. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2018.1465613

Muteya, H. K., Nghonda, D. D. N. T., Malaisse, F., Waselin, S., Sambiéni, K. R., Kaleba, S. C., ... & Sikuzani, Y. U. (2022). Quantification and simulation of landscape anthropization around the mining agglomerations of Southeastern Katanga (DR Congo) between 1979 and 2090. Land, 11(6), 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060850

Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Phillips, H. R., Hill, S. L., Contu, S., Lysenko, I., ... & Purvis, A. (2014). A global model of the response of tropical and sub-tropical forest biodiversity to anthropogenic pressures. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1792), 20141371. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1371

Ouattara, t., Kouamé, F., Casimir, Z. B., Vaudry, R., & Grinand, C. (2021). Changements d’occupation et d’usage des terres entre 2016 et 2019 dans le Sud-Est de la Côte d’Ivoire: impact des cultures de rente sur la forêt. Bois & Forets Des Tropiques, 347, 91-106. https://doi.org/10.19182/bft2021.347.a31868

Poffenberger, M. (2009). Cambodia's forests and climate change: Mitigating drivers of deforestation. Natural Resources Forum, 33(4), 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01249.x

Poorter, L., Bongers, F., Aide, T. M., Almeyda Zambrano, A. M., Balvanera, P., Becknell, J. M., ... & Rozendaal, D. (2016). Data from: Biomass resilience of Neotropical secondary forests. Nature, 530, 211–214. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16512

Simeon, K. M., Alphonse, K. N., Trésor, M. S., Clément, T. S., Thierry, A. S. D. I., Aloïse, B. N., ... & Sylvestre, C. K. (2024). Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Urban Landscape of Butembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). International Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1), 386-402. https://doi.org/10.37284/ijar.7.1.2466

Stauffer, G. E., Miller, D. A., Wilson, A. M., Brittingham, M., & Brauning, D. W. (2017). Stewardship responsibility of Pennsylvania public and private lands for songbird conservation. Biological Conservation, 213, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.07.005

Tabopda, G. W., & Fotsing, J. M. (2010). Quantification de l'évolution du couvert végétal dans la réserve forestière de Laf-Madjam au nord du Cameroun par télédétection satellitale. Science et changements planétaires/Sécheresse, 21(3), 169-178. https://doi.org/ 10.1684/sec.2010.0256

Touron-Gardic, G., Deane, K., Mba, A. A., Adza, S., Tetteh-Ocloo, L., Gyimah, R., ... & Tendeng, P. S. (2024). Défis de l’intégration communautaire dans la conservation de la biodiversité en Afrique de l’Ouest: cas du site Ramsar du complexe lagunaire de Keta Lagoon, Ghana. VertigO-la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement, (24-1). https://doi.org/10.4000/12sit

Analysis of Forest Cover in the Tumba-Lediima Nature Reserve (RTL-DRC)

Authors

DOI:

Keywords:

Abstract

Downloads

References

Downloads

Published

How to Cite

Issue

Section

License

Most read articles by the same author(s)